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How To Draw A Maned Wolf

Written By Monday, 21 February 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of carnivore

Maned wolf[1]

Temporal range: 0.i–0 Ma

PreꞒ

Ꞓ

O

South

D

C

P

T

J

Grand

Pg

North

↓

Belatedly Pleistocene – Recent

Chrysocyon.brachyurus.jpg
Maned wolf in Cologne Zoo, Germany

Conservation condition


Most Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[2]

CITES Appendix 2 (CITES)[three]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Genus: Chrysocyon
Smith, 1839
Species:

C. brachyurus

Binomial proper name
Chrysocyon brachyurus

(Illiger, 1815)
Maned Wolf area.png
Range of the maned wolf
Synonyms[4]

Canis brachyurus, C. campestris, C. isodactylus, C. jubatus, Vulpes cancrosa

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is a large canine of Southward America.[five] Its markings resemble those of foxes, simply it is neither a trick nor a wolf. It is the just species in the genus Chrysocyon (meaning "golden dog").

It is the largest canine in Southward America, weighing 20–30 kg (44–66 lb) and up to xc cm (35 in) at the withers. Its long, thin legs and dense reddish glaze requite it an unmistakable appearance. The maned wolf is a crepuscular and omnivorous animal adapted to the open environments of the South American savanna, with an important part in the seed dispersal of fruits, particularly the wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum). The maned wolf is a solitary animal. It communicates primarily by aroma marking, merely also gives a loud call known every bit "roar-barking".

This mammal lives in open and semi-open habitats, especially grasslands with scattered bushes and trees, in the Cerrado of south, central-westward, and southeastern Brazil; Paraguay; northern Argentine republic; and Bolivia e and north of the Andes,[6] and far southeastern Peru (Pampas del Heath only).[7] Information technology is very rare in Uruguay, perchance being displaced completely through loss of habitat.[2] The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as nigh threatened,[ii] while it is considered a vulnerable species by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resource. In 2022, a female person maned wolf, run over past a truck, underwent stem cell treatment at the Zoo Brasília [pt], this being the commencement recorded case of the use of stem cells to heal injuries in a wild animal.[viii]

Etymology [edit]

The term maned wolf, as the Crin Wolf in Spanish, is an allusion to the mane of the nape. Information technology is known locally as aguará guazú (meaning "large fox" in the Guarani language), or kalak in the Toba Qom linguistic communication, lobo de crin, lobo de los esteros, or lobo colorado, and lobo-guará in Brazil. The term lobo, "wolf", originates from the Latin lupus. Guará and aguará originated from tupi-guarani agoa'rá, "by the fuzz". It also is called borochi in Bolivia.[nine]

Taxonomy [edit]

Although the maned wolf displays many pull a fast one on-like characteristics, it is non closely related to foxes. Information technology lacks the elliptical pupils institute distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the canid family makes it a unique animal.

Electrophoretic studies did not link Chrysocyon with any of the other living canids studied. One decision of this report is that the maned wolf is the only species amongst the big South American canids that survived the belatedly Pleistocene extinction. Fossils of the maned wolf from the Holocene and the late Pleistocene have been excavated from the Brazilian Highlands.[10]

A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the Falkland Islands wolf and with pseudo-foxes of the genus Pseudalopex.[11] One study based on DNA evidence showed that the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that most seven million years agone it shared a common ancestor with that genus.[12] A 2022 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed past contraction that took identify during Pleistocene interglaciations near 24,000 years earlier nowadays.[13]

The maned wolf is non closely related to canids institute outside Due south America. It is not a fox, wolf, coyote or jackal, only a distinct canid; though, based only on morphological similarities, it previously had been placed in the Canis and Vulpes genera.[4] Its closest living relative is the bush dog (genus Speothos), and it has a more than distant relationship to other Southward American canines (the short-eared dog, the crab-eating fox, and the zorros or Lycalopex).[fourteen]

Clarification [edit]

The species was described in 1815 past Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, initially as Canis brachyurus. Lorenz Oken classified it as Vulpes cancosa, and only in 1839 did Charles Hamilton Smith describe the genus Chrysocyon. Other authors later considered it as a member of the Canis genus.[5] Fossils of Chrysocyon dated from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs were collected in one of Peter Wilheim Lund expeditions to Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais (Brazil). The specimen is kept in the Due south American Collection of the Zoologisk Museum in Kingdom of denmark. Since no other tape exists of fossils in other areas, the species is suggested to take evolved in this geographic region.[five]

The maned wolf bears small-scale similarities to the ruddy fox, although information technology belongs to a different genus. The average adult weighs 23 kg (51 lb) and stands 90 cm (35 in) alpine at the shoulder, and has a head-body length of 100 cm (39 in), with the tail calculation some other 45 cm (18 in).[15] Its ears are large and long 18 cm (7.ane in).[16]

The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids; its long legs are likely an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat.[17] Fur of the maned wolf may be reddish-brown to gilt orange on the sides with long, black legs, and a distinctive black mane. The coat is marked further with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile and typically is used to enlarge the wolf'due south profile when threatened or when displaying aggression. Melanistic maned wolves practise exist, but are rare. The start photograph of a black adult maned wolf was taken by a photographic camera trap in northern Minas Gerais in Brazil in 2022.[18] [19] [20]

The skull tin exist identified past its reduced carnassials, pocket-sized upper incisors, and long canine teeth.[15] Like other canids, information technology has 42 teeth with the dental formula three.ane.4.ii three.one.iv.iii  × 2 = 42. The maned wolf'due south rhinarium extends to the upper lip, like to the bush dog, only its vibrissae are longer.[fifteen] The skull as well features a prominent sagittal crest.

The maned wolf'south footprints are like to those of the canis familiaris, simply have unduly small plantar pads when compared to the well-opened digit marks.[21] [22] The canis familiaris has pads up to three times larger than the maned wolf's footprint.[23] These pillows have a triangular shape.[23] The front end footprints are 7–9 cm (2.8–iii.5 in) long and 5.5–7 cm (2.2–two.8 in) wide, and those of the hind feet are 6.five–nine cm (2.6–3.five in) long and six.5–viii.five cm (2.6–3.3 in) wide.[23] One feature that differentiates the maned wolf's footprint from those of other South American canids is the proximal matrimony of the tertiary and fourth digits.[fifteen]

Genetics [edit]

Genetically, the maned wolf has 37 pairs of autosomes within diploid genes, with a karyotype similar to that of other canids. It has 76 chromosomes, and so cannot interbreed with other canids.[15] Bear witness suggests that xv,000 years ago, the species suffered a reduction in its genetic diversity, called the clogging upshot. However, its diversity is nevertheless greater than that of other canids.[24]

The maned wolf also is known for the distinctive odor of its territory markings, which has earned information technology the nickname "skunk wolf".

Environmental and behavior [edit]

Hunting and territoriality [edit]

The maned wolf is a twilight animate being, but its activity pattern is more related to the relative humidity and temperature, similar to that observed with the bush dog (Speothos venaticus). Height action occurs between 8 and 10 am, and 8 and ten pm.[25] On cold or cloudy days, they can be active all day. The species is likely to use open fields for foraging and more airtight areas, such as riparian forests, to residual, peculiarly on warmer days.[15]

Different most large canids (such as the gray wolf, the African hunting dog, or the dhole), the maned wolf is a solitary animal and does not course packs.[xv] It typically hunts lonely, usually between sundown and midnight, rotating its big ears to mind for prey animals in the grass. It taps the ground with a front foot to flush out the prey and pounce to catch information technology.[16] It kills casualty past biting on the cervix or dorsum, and shaking the casualty violently if necessary.[26]

Monogamous pairs may defend a shared territory around 30 km2 (12 sq mi), although outside of mating, the individuals may meet only rarely. The territory is crisscrossed by paths that they create as they patrol at nighttime. Several adults may congregate in the presence of a plentiful nutrient source, for example, a fire-cleared patch of grassland that would go out small vertebrate prey exposed while foraging.

Both female and male maned wolves use their urine to communicate,[27] e.g. to mark their hunting paths or the places where they accept buried hunted casualty.[26] The urine has a very distinctive odor, which some people liken to hops or cannabis. The responsible substance very likely is a pyrazine, which also occurs in both plants.[28] (At the Rotterdam Zoo, this smell once set the police force on a chase for cannabis smokers.[28] [29]) The preferred habitat of the maned wolf includes grasslands, scrub prairies, and forests.

Reproduction and lifecycle [edit]

Their mating season ranges from Nov to Apr. Gestation lasts 60 to 65 days, and a litter may accept from ii to half dozen blackness-furred pups, each weighing roughly 450 m (sixteen oz). Pups are fully grown when one year old. During that starting time year, the pups rely on their parents for food.[26]

Information on the maned wolf'south estrus and reproductive cycle mainly come from captive animals, peculiarly about breeding endocrinology.[30] Hormonal changes of maned wolves in the wild follow the same variation design of those in captivity.[30] Females ovulate spontaneously, but some authors suggest that the presence of a male is important for heat induction.[30]

Captive animals in the Northern Hemisphere breed between October and Feb and in the Southern Hemisphere between August and Oct. This indicates that photoperiod plays an of import role in maned wolf reproduction, mainly due to the production of semen.[15] [30] Generally, 1 estrus occurs per year.[15] The amount of sperm produced by the maned wolf is lower compared to those of other canids.[xxx]

Copulation occurs during the iv-day estrus period, and is followed by up to fifteen minutes of sexual intercourse.[15] Courtship is like to that of other canids, characterized by frequent approaches and anogenital investigation.[vii]

Gestation lasts 60 to 65 days and a litter may have from two to half-dozen pups. One litter of seven has been recorded.[xv] Birthing has been observed in May in the Canastra Mountains, merely data from captive animals suggest that births are concentrated betwixt June and September.[24] The maned wolf reproduces with difficulty in the wild, with a loftier rate of infant mortality. Females tin become up to two years without convenance.[30] Breeding in captivity is even more difficult, especially in temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.[30]

Pups are built-in weighing between 340 and 430 grams. They begin their lives with black fur, becoming red after 10 weeks.[fifteen] The eyes open at about ix days of age.[15] They are nursed up to 4 months. Later, they are fed by their parents by regurgitation, starting on the third calendar week of age and lasting upwardly to 10 months.[31] [7] Iii-calendar month-old pups begin to accompany their mother while she forages.[31] Males and females both engage in parental care, but it is primarily washed past the females.[31] Data on male parental care have been collected from captive animals, and footling is known whether this occurs oftentimes in the wild.[vii] Maned wolves attain sexual maturity at 1 year of historic period, when they exit their birth territory.[7]

The maned wolf's longevity in the wild is unknown, but estimates in captivity are between 12 and 15 years.[15] A written report was made of an private at the São Paulo Zoo that lived to be 22 years old.[24]

Diet [edit]

Fruit of the wolf apple, i of the main plant foods of the maned wolf

The maned wolf is omnivorous. It specialises in preying on small-scale and medium-sized animals, including small mammals (typically rodents and rabbits), birds, and even fish,[32] [26] but a big portion of its diet (more than than l%, according to some studies) is vegetable matter, including sugarcane, tubers, and fruit.[33] Up to 301 nutrient items have been recorded in the maned wolf's diet, including 116 plants and 178 animal species.[30]

The maned wolf hunts by chasing its prey, excavation holes, and jumping to catch birds in flight. About 21% of hunts are successful.[7] Some authors have recorded active pursuits of the Pampas deer.[31] They were also observed feeding on carcasses of run down animals.[7] Fecal analysis has shown consumption of the behemothic anteater, bush canis familiaris, and collared peccary, but whether these animals are actively hunted or scavenged is not known.[24] [31] Armadillos are too normally consumed.[xxx] Animals are more frequently consumed in the dry season.[xv] [33]

The wolf apple (Solanum lycocarpum), a tomato-like fruit, is the maned wolf'south most common food item. With some exceptions, these fruits brand upward betwixt 40 and 90% of the maned wolf'south diet.[fifteen] [31] [33] [34] The wolf apple is actively sought by the maned wolf, and is consumed throughout the year, different other fruits that can just be eaten in affluence during the rainy season.[31] [33] It can consume several fruits at a time and disperse intact seeds by defecating, making it an excellent disperser of the wolf apple constitute.[31]

Despite their preferred habitat, maned wolves are ecologically flexible and can survive in disturbed habitats, from burned areas to places with high human influences. Burned areas have some small mammals, such equally hairy-tailed bolo mouse (Necromys lasiurus) and vesper mouse (Calomys spp.) that they can hunt and survive on.[35]

Historically, captive maned wolves were fed meat-heavy diets, but that acquired them to develop float stones. Zoo diets for them at present feature fruits and vegetables, equally well every bit meat and specialized extruded nutrition formulated for maned wolves to be low in rock-causing compounds (i.e. cystine).

Relations with other species [edit]

The maned wolf participates in symbiotic relationships. It contributes to the propagation and dissemination of the plants on which it feeds, through excretion. Frequently, maned wolves defecate on the nests of leafcutter ants. The ants then utilize the dung to fertilize their mucus gardens, but they discard the seeds contained in the dung onto reject piles just outside their nests. This procedure significantly increases the germination rate of the seeds.

Maned wolves suffer from ticks, mainly of the genus Amblyomma, and by flies such equally Cochliomyia hominivorax usually on the ears.[36] Interestingly, the maned wolf is poorly parasitized past fleas. The sharing of territory with domestic dogs results in a number of diseases, such as rabies virus, parvovirus, distemper virus, canine adenovirus, protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, bacterium Leptospira interrogans, and nematode Dirofilaria immitis.[37] [36] The maned wolf is particularly susceptible to potentially fatal infection by the giant kidney worm. Ingestion of the wolf apple tree could preclude maned wolves from contracting this nematode, simply such a hypothesis has been questioned by several authors.[38]

Its predators are mainly large cats, such every bit the puma (Puma concolor) and the jaguar (Panthera onca), but it is well-nigh ofttimes preyed upon past the jaguar.[39]

Humans [edit]

Generally, the maned wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, and so it poses lilliputian direct threat to humans. Popularly, the maned wolf is thought to have the potential of being a craven thief. It in one case was considered a similar threat to cattle and sheep, although this now is known to be fake.

Historically, in a few parts of Brazil, these animals were hunted for some trunk parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to exist expert-luck charms. Since its classification every bit a vulnerable species past the Brazilian government, it has received greater consideration and protection.

They are threatened by habitat loss and being run over by automobiles. Feral and domestic dogs pass on diseases to them, and take been known to assault them.

The species occurs in several protected areas, including the national parks of Caraça and Emas in Brazil. The maned wolf is well represented in captivity, and has been bred successfully at many zoos,[40] particularly in Argentina, North America (part of a Species Survival Plan) and Europe (function of a European Endangered Species Plan). In 2022, a total of 3,288 maned wolves were kept at more than than 300 institutions worldwide.[41] The Smithsonian National Zoo Park has been working to protect maned wolves for most 30 years, and coordinates the collaborative, interzoo maned wolf Species Survival Plan of North America, which includes convenance maned wolves, studying them in the wild, protecting their habitat, and educating people about them.[16]

Conservation [edit]

The maned wolf is not considered an endangered species by the IUCN considering of its wide geographical distribution and adaptability to human being-made environments. Only their populations have been declining and the species may exist in some threat category before long, so the IUCN classifies it as a virtually-threatened species. This is more often than not due to homo activities. Human activities like deforestation, increasing traffic in highways resulting in roadkills and urban growth, populations and habitats of the maned wolf are on refuse(Vergara-Wilson et al., 2022, p. 51). Also, due to a decrease in their habitat, they migrate to urban regions looking for easier access to food which increases their contact with domestic animals, increasing the gamble of infectious and parasitic diseases among the wolves, leading to death(Garcia et al., 2022, p. i). Until 1996 the maned wolf was a vulnerable species by the IUCN. It is also listed in CITES Appendix Two, which regulates international trade in the species.[24] The ICMBio list in Brazil that follows the same IUCN criteria considers the wolf to be a vulnerable species.[42] [43] Past these same criteria, the Brazilian country lists besides consider information technology more problematic: it is a vulnerable species in the lists of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, while in the lists of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande exercise Sul the maned wolf is considered equally "endangered" and "critically endangered" respectively.[43] [44] In Uruguay, although in that location is no such list as Brazil and IUCN, it is regarded equally a species with "priority" for conservation. In Argentina it is not considered to exist in critical danger, but it is recognized that its populations are declining and are fragmented.[45] The state of affairs of the maned wolf in Bolivia[46] and Paraguay[47] is uncertain. Fifty-fifty with these uncertainties the maned wolf is protected against hunting in all countries.[7]

In human cultures [edit]

Human attitudes and opinions nigh the maned wolf vary across populations, ranging from fear and tolerance to disfavor. In some regions of Brazil, parts of the animal's body are believed to help cure bronchitis, kidney disease, and even serpent bites. It is as well believed to bring good luck.[7] These parts can be teeth, the heart, ears, and even dry out stools.[44] In Republic of bolivia, mounting a saddle fabricated of maned wolf leather is believed to protect from bad luck. Despite these superstitions, no big-scale use of parts of this animal occurs.[7]

In urban societies in Brazil, people tend to be sympathetic to the maned wolf, seeing no value in it every bit a hunting brute or pest. They often consider its preservation to be important, and although these societies associate information technology with force and ferocity, they do not consider it a dangerous brute.[44] Although popular in some places and mutual in many zoos, information technology tin go unnoticed. Studies in zoos in Brazil showed that up to thirty% of respondents were either unaware or unable to recognize a maned wolf.[vii]

It was considered a common fauna by the Guarani people, and the first names used by Europeans, such as the Spanish Jesuit missionary Joseph of Anchieta, were the aforementioned used past the native peoples (yaguaraçú).[thirty] Spanish naturalist Felix de Azara also used the Guarani proper name to describe it and was one of the first to describe the biology of the species and consider it an important function of Paraguay's fauna.[44] Much of the negative view of the maned wolf as a poultry predator stems from European ethnocentrism, where peasants often had issues with wolves and foxes.[30]

The maned wolf rarely causes antipathy in the homo populations of the places in which it lives, and so it has been used as a flag species for the preservation of the Brazilian cerrado.[30] It is represented on the 200-reais banknote, released in September 2022.[48] Information technology has also been represented on the 100-cruzeiros reais coin, which circulated in Brazil between 1993 and 1994.[49]

Gallery [edit]

  • Maned wolf pup

  • ManedWolf4.jpg

  • Maned wolf-aguara guazu.jpeg

  • Maned Wolf 11, Beardsley Zoo, 2009-11-06.jpg

  • Maned wolf center

  • Lobo Guará andando.jpg

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Bandeira de Melo, L. F., One thousand. A. Lima Sábato, Eastward. M. Vaz Magni, R. J. Young, C. M. Coelho (Jan 2007). "Secret lives of maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815): as revealed by GPS tracking collars". Journal of Zoology, 271(1). pp. 27–36. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00176.ten.
  • Garcia, D., Estrela, G. C., Soares, R. T. Yard., Paulino, D., Jorge, A. T., Rodrigues, M. A., Sasahara, T. H., & Honsho, C. (2020). "A study on the morphoquantitative and cytological characteristics of the bulbar conjunctiva of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus; Illiger, 1815)". Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 1. doi:ten.1111/ahe.12647.
  • Vergara-Wilson, 5., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Sanchez, C. R., Abarca, M. J., Navarro, C., Celis-Diez, S., Soto-Guerrero, P., Diaz-Ayala, N., Zordan, K., Cifuentes-Ramos, F., & Cabello-Stom, J. (2021). "Canine Distemper Outbreak by Natural Infection in a Group of Vaccinated Maned Wolves in Captivity". Pathogens, 10(1), 51. doi:10.3390/pathogens10010051.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolf

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